Say No to Marijuana Legalization essays

Say No to Marijuana Legalization essays Marijuana also known as cannabis sativa is being used illegally by many Americans today of all ages. Before the 1960s, many Americans had never heard of marijuana, but today it is the most used illegal drug in this country. All types of marijuana are mind-altering drugs. They all contain THC, the main active chemical in marijuana, along with over 400 other chemicals. This drug should stay illegal for many reasons concerning the health and safety of Americans today. Saying no one ever died from smoking marijuana is like saying no one ever died from smoking tobacco. Today research shows that nearly 50 percent of teenagers try marijuana before they graduate from high school(Grinspoon, 92-96). Most young teens and children start using marijuana for many reasons, they are curious, or want to fit in to a specific group of kids. Most young people who already smoke cigarettes and/or use alcohol are at higher risk for marijuana use. Most young people say they use marijuana to deal with psychological problems such as, anger, boredom, depression, anxiety, etc. As much as young people think marijuana is helping their problems, its only making things worse for their bodies and minds. When using marijuana, some users suffer acute anxiety and have paranoid thoughts, this mainly occurs with some one new to the drug or in a strange environment. In some cases, a user who has taken a very high dose of marijuana can have severe psychotic symptoms and need emergency help. Marijuana delays the users short term memory, which means they may have trouble handling simple or complex tasks. Due to the effects that marijuana has on the mind, the user my find themselves in a difficult situations such as they could become involved in risky sexual behavior or take part in auto crashes. When you smoke marijuana and then drive or even perform both, many of the skills required for safe driving, may be changed such as, alertness, co...

4 Ways Customer Feedback Determined Our Greatest Design Features

4 Ways Customer Feedback Determined Our Greatest Design Features Your feedback matters. Here at , we want to be the #1 marketing calendar for everything you need organized. And we know that it’s the little things that matter the most†¦ which is why we are constantly making improvements to your calendar, so you can focus on the big things. In the past six months (yep, just six  short  months), made a few AWESOME updates: Calendar Refresh: Updated the format of your calendar so you can easily track and manage your content from the master view. Custom Content: Added more content types (not just the ones we originally thought you needed), and now you can organize them to boot. New Content Editor: Eliminated distractions from your content editor by creating a simplified and clean interface. And starting today†¦.NEW custom color labels (keep reading)! All of these updates were because of YOUR feedback. Your ideas make even better, and let’s be honest, they help us  get more organized, too. Which is why we are excited to announce the launch of our newest feature†¦

OLI model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

OLI model - Essay Example The above approach neglects critical issues, which are critical in defining a multinational firm. The model has three areas where its main advantages are based, that is; It has its advantages in explaining the MNEs existence. Ownership has its advantages in the sense that it addresses the question of why that some firms will go abroad and not others, it postulates that there are some benefits that allow it to overpower the cost of operating abroad. Since firms are the collection of different assets and MNEs candidate has a higher-than-average asset level to have an internal public goods character. The assets can be used in the production in various areas without reduction of their effectiveness. The assets include product dimensional factor, common to model in terms of a single index of the production of the firm. The highest sophisticated treatment in these lines is found in immediate work on non-homogeneous firms that combines the horizontal simplest version motive for FDI, with an assumption of their productivity differences (Faeth, 2009). The OLI model has an aspect to pay a sunk cost in productivity determination. Low-production can be produced only for the purposes of the home market; while medium productivity ones are chosen to pay for export fixed costs, but the most productive ones chosen to pay for higher costs for FDI engagements. The above predictions are in accordance with the evidence. On a further contribution, the model provides that industries with greater heterogeneities have more firms engaged in the FDI. Location advantages address the question of where the firm chooses to locate. Though the theory of international trade has taken ownership advantages just for granted, to make them in more obvious ways, this model has emphasized more on exploration of alternative motives to be located by MNEs abroad. The major factor that has created much attention is the clear distinction between vertical and horizontal FDI. Horizontal FDI happens when

Discuss the extent to which factor availability is no longer an Essay

Discuss the extent to which factor availability is no longer an effective explanation of the competitiveness of regions or count - Essay Example The essence of competitiveness and allied issues is to gain an insight into the economical wellbeing of the country and the effective allocation of resources. This paper concerns with the factors that drive regional competitiveness, and whether factor availability is a contributing factor to regional competitiveness in the modern era or not. The essay looks into the concepts of competitiveness and perfect competition from a microeconomics perspective. Considering the factors that influence competitiveness at the level of the firms, one can establish that competitiveness depends on the capacity of the firms to compete, progress and to make profits (Martin n.d.). Competitiveness Defined Competitiveness is present in the potential of the firm to make products on a regular basis which fulfill the criterion of open market with respect to price and quality amongst other factors. Moreover, it also relates to the competence of the firms in making products that are profitable. Competitiveness at a microeconomics level buttresses the notion that for a firm that fulfills the criterion of an open market, it needs to be more competitive than other firms in order to capture a share of the market. Likewise, a firm that is not competitive will not be able to sustain a large market share and over the period of time, it will be forced out of the business unless it is supported by some artificial protection (Martin n.d.). When considering competitiveness between regions, one has to look beyond the competitive and noncompetitive firms, and to include the common traits of competitiveness present between regions. According to the Sixth Periodical Report on the Regions, regional competitiveness can be defined as the â€Å"the ability to produce goods and services which meet the test of international markets, while at the same time maintaining high and sustainable levels of income or, more generally, the ability of (regions) to generate, while being exposed to external competition, r elatively high income and employment levels† (Martin n.d.). Different Perspectives on Competitiveness The notion of competitiveness of the national level is much more debatable and ambiguous. Although policy makers consider the attainment of competitiveness with respect to other firms as the main goal of the economic policy, competitiveness has been severely criticized and has been considered to be primarily â€Å"meaningless† (Martin n.d.); in fact, P Krugman, in his book Pop Internationalism, states that national competitiveness is a risky mania and has a vague macho ring to it (Krugman 1996). He argues that it is not correct to make a comparison between firms and countries because firms can be forced out of business if they are uncompetitive, but the same trend does not apply to countries. At the level of the firms, gaining market share affects other firms in the industry negatively, but on the regional or national level, the success

London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Essay Example for Free

London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Essay Compare and contrast London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth and show how each used his poetry to express his views about his life and times. Blake and Wordsworth both display different views and attitudes about the city of London in their poems. They both lived in the same era, Blake lived during the 18th and then on into the 19th century (1757- 1827) and Wordsworth also lived during the 18th and then on into the 19th century (1770- 1850). As the poems were alive in the same era of life they were both alive during the industrial revolution. This was a time when children of a very age were sent up chimneys and were made to sweep them clean. They were used because of their very small size. This turned Wordsworth and indeed Blake against London. They also didnt like other major cities in the country like Manchester, Birmingham and Liverpool. The main reason why they hated major cities, with London being the largest one was because they hated pollution. They both preferred the countryside and nature to the hustle and the bustle of Englands city environment. Both poets didnt really like what they saw around them. They were also both romantic poets. In the poem Composed upon Westminster Bridge, by William Wordsworth, the poet is expressing views towards London that are positive. This is unusual for Wordsworth as he normally was against the industrialisation of London. In the poem, Wordsworth is describing the early morning sight of London and in particular Westminster Bridge. He makes out that London looks as beautiful as the countryside without anyone awake and the major; air-polluting factories are empty and quiet. The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie. A main reason, which turned both of the poets against London, was because of the factories and tall buildings, which were caused by industrialisation. They felt that it ruined the natural beauty that the country has. There is also use of different parts of speech, in particular personification. This city now doth, like a garment Also in the poem, which is a sonnet, Wordsworth tries to get the point across to the readers that anyone who doesnt see the beauty of London at this time in the day would have to be a very insensitive and not appreciate anything that was naturally beautiful in the world. Earth has not anything to show more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by, a sight so touching in its majesty. Wordsworth, who was poet laureate, along with William Blake both believed in Pantheism. This meant that they both saw god in nature. In the poem London, by William Blake, the poet is expressing his real thoughts about London as a whole. That it wasnt really a nice place to be. Like William Wordsworth he didnt like London due to the fact that it had become so polluted due to industrialisation. The poem itself, contain four verses, each containing four lines in each verse. The poem is also written in doggerel style, because it is written in a crude and inartistic style. In the poem, Blake is expressing the bad details of London. His thoughts are dark and moody. He compares London to that of a battle site. And the hapless soldiers sigh. Runs in blood down palace walls. This for me sums up the exact thought of the poet, William Blake about London in general. When Blake was writing this poem, it was mid-night in London. The time of night is important in the poem as it reflects the dark and sombre mood of Blake. Right from the offset in the poem there is criticism of London, as Blake describes how the river has nowhere to go. As I wander each chartered street, near where the chartered Thames does flow. It is like the river is mapped out and has to flow exactly where it is shown on the map. This is because London has lost its natural beauty and is now so unnatural. The people who live in London are always having something to moan about, according to the Poet. This is because they are all so trapped in the City, many want to get out of London because it has become so industrialised and they want it so everything is naturally beautiful. And mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, marks of woe. Blake also feels trapped in London with nowhere to turn but to more factories. In every cry of every man. In every infants cry of fear, in every voice, in every ban, the mind forged manacles I hear. Blake uses different parts of speech throughout the poem. And blights with plagues the marriage hearse. An oxymoron is used here because people dont usually associate marriage with a hearse. The poets William Blake and William Wordsworth both express their own views towards London in their poetry, Blake with the dull view of London and Wordsworth with his unusual praise for London. Many different parts of speech are exercised in each poem for different reasons. But the poets give us their personal view towards London, each in a descriptive way.

Hitler Youth: The Future of Germany :: Nazi German Hitler History Essays

Hitler Youth: The Future of Germany The Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend-HJ) were for Hitler the future of the Nazi party. Hitler’s dream of a thousand year Reich could only be accomplished through the youth, which were deemed the most important aspect of Germany's future as a powerful nation. "The future of the German nation depends on its youth, and the German youth shall have to be prepared for its future duties."(i) The youth were important because they would continue the Nazi legacy and spread propaganda to future generations. Hitler was so obsessed with his quest for the future of Germany, that he devoted most of his endeavors, such as the acquisition of Lebensraum and the elimination of the subhumans, for the purpose of gaining more land for the future generations. Hitler was not some all mighty God that was able to just snap his fingers and the youth would follow him, he was aided in the fact that the youth were on a quest of their own: independence. They were energetic, full of life, and had an overwhelming love for Germany along with spirit and a quest to find their position in life. Hitler recognized these characteristics of the youth and decided to incorporate them into his plan for the National Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party) to flourish. These characteristics and Hitler's involvement became the leading tragedy and inspiration of the German youth movement. This youth movement began before World War I, was the result of the industrial revolution, and came to be known as the ‘Youth Revolution.’(ii) The Early Movement In the 1920's, the German youth were involved in about two thousand groups and organizations. The most popular organization was the Wandervogel, which was popular due to the involvement of sports. Boys were able to go on weekend retreats, where they would hike and learn to survive on their own in the wilderness. Organized sporting events of soccer and other various competitions kept the interests of the children. The Wandervogel were noted for their love of the land, not the new, modern conveniences of the cities. Hiking and skiing were chosen over activities such as watching a movie or going to a dance. The Wandervogel, which was formed November 4, 1901(iii), reflected the main attitudes of the of the youth movement. American Boy Scouts saluting Hitler Youth in Munich in 1935. Koch p. 196. In some ways the Wandervogel was a manifestation of the perceptible mood of boredom and restlessness appearance of Wilhelmian Germany was little more than a facade which

Identify the following components of the system discussed in your textbook

The input device is the laser beam that sweeps across the bar code; the process involves reading the bar code and transferring it to the computer system. Output devices include: The handheld scanner serves as the output device as it has a screen that displays the price of the product; feedback: (in terms of hardware – the handheld scanner is connected to a computer system by a Universal Serial Bus (USB) cable. The handheld scanner has a lens and a laser light that scans the bar code. Software, – the scanner has a software program (POS software which comes with the scanner) that integrates the scanner with the computer system.Data and network taxonomies: the database is located on the computer system and the scanner fetches the information from the database and then displays the information on the small LCD screen attached onto it. Data is transferred to the computer system by using Bluetooth technology. Please list as much information as you could find on the scanner sy stem, and discuss the supporting technologies. The light detection system is a s photodiode that conducts electricity when light energy falls on it and does not conduct any electricity when light energy does not fall on it.There are lenses on the scanner that concentrate the laser beam. This is made up of either highly polished glass or plastic. The scanner also has holographic disks used to record laser images. the material used for this disk is a highly reflecting material. Then comes the encoder (a photodetector) that will transfer the image to the computer in the (electrical signals) digital form. It consists of a converter that converts the read code in the form of light energy to a digital form that can be decoded by the software program. The barcode reader is connected to the central computer system via a Bluetooth.This is the IEEE 802. 15. 3 protocol. b. Please classify that kind of a system is this (TPS, DSS, EIS, MIS, etc. )? Why? In this situation, the barcode scanner is functioning as a Point of Sale System (POS). This is because the scanner aids in determining the value of the goods after the customer might have bought them and is ready to pay for them. c. Having the information electronically in the system may provide opportunities for additional managerial uses. Other possible managerial use that the information can be put to includes accounting.It would be easy to manipulate the data in order to calculate the profit or loss of the supermarket. Also, it also helps in accountability because the supermarket is able to monitor all the sales it has made. Also, the supermarket would be able to harvest data about which goods consumers are purchasing and at what rate. This would afford the supermarket the opportunity of stocking these kind of goods and by so doing, increase the returns in terms of profit. Also, manufacturers are able to determine which goods consumers are purchasing more, and focus on producing these particular goods.Also, it gives the m room to improve on the ones that seem not to be moving. In marketing, the supermarket can focus on commodities that are in high demand and also improve on the sale of the ones that are not in such a high demand. In Human Resources, the supermarket can identify sales representatives that are selling more goods and reward them accordingly while reprimanding the ones that seen not to be selling much. The supermarket can then fire the redundant workers and reward the hardworking ones accordingly.In transportation, it can aid them in planning which products to stock in which part of the shop. Also in security, it would eliminate tampering with prices of commodities as some dubious customers may want to engage in. in this way, customers cannot have any reason for paying less for the commodities they purchase. d. When did the scanner system come into existence? Where was this technology initiated? Research and provide a brief history of the scanner technology (during the past 20 years). The history of bar code technology is a long and convoluted one.it is the story of one of the technologies that took a lot of research and time to complete because most of it was by personal effort on the part of the inventors. The invention is credited to Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver in 1952. They were awarded the patent for the first barcode. it was initially designed as the structure of a bull eye model and the reader was an infrared sensitive inc. however the inventors found out that this was too expensive and they had to change it. They finally settled for code identification through the medium of identifying patterns. Bar code was first commercially in 1966.By 1970, a company set the standard for writing the code. It was called the Universal Grocery Products Identification Code (UGPIC). This code evolved to become the (Universal Product Code) U. P. C symbol set in 1973. The UCC (formerly The Uniform Product Code Council, Inc. ) is responsible for issuing product numbers and specifications. e. Research and report on how such scanner type related systems will be operating in the future. What are the new technologies, such as RFID, in this area? State other types and names, and describe them. Barcode scanners are being taken a step further.The new kinds of barcode scanners being developed nowadays now come with in-build cameras instead of normal laser scanners. They are called two dimensional (2D) scanners. They use a small video camera to capture the bar code image. The reader then decodes the digital image with a digital image processing device which is in built. Video cameras use the same CCD technology as in a CCD bar code reader except that instead of having a single row of sensors, a video camera has hundreds of rows of sensors arranged in a two dimensional array so that they can generate an image.`This image is then processed, either by the scanner if it is a PDA scanner of the image is transferred to another kind of processing machine, it can ne a computer system f. Which countries and companies are at the forefront of the development of RFID technology? Is there any international standard emerging? What new societal issues or challenges are they likely to create? Samsung is one of the companies in the forefront of RFID technology research. It is in the process of deploying RFID systems into its wide array of mobile phones.The company is an international company. Japan is also one of the countries that are intensively researching into the RFID technology. Various companies in Japan are also researching into the technology. Challenges might come in the area of implementing RFID technology because some people are already speculating on the privacy infringement that RFID technology might pose to consumers since most of the commodities they could be purchasing would have been labeled and this has the potential of reporting the location of the individual.Therefore, unless people are reassured that this is not going to take pl ace, they might not embrace the technology. A lot of factors could also militate against the implementation of FRID technology. They include the environment, cost, resistance to technological change, lack of integration and as mentioned earlier can all influence the implementation of this technology. WORKS CITED. 1. http://www. textually. org/picturephoning/archives/2007/11/018097. htm

Marbury vs. Madison

Marbury vs. Madison (5 U.S. 137, 1803) involved an application for a writ of mandamus against the then Secretary of State Madison, directing him to deliver to Marbury his commission as a Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia.   In determining whether or not mandamus would lie, the Supreme Court made a four part inquiry involving the following questions, to wit: 1) whether or not the applicant Madison has a right to the commission he demands; 2) in the affirmative, whether or not the laws of the United States afford him a remedy for its violation; 3) in the affirmative, whether or not mandamus is the proper remedy. The case is considered a landmark case, because it was the first time that the US Supreme Court, through then Chief Justice Marshall, enunciated the doctrine of judicial review, i.e., that the Supreme Court has the power to review federal or state legislation, or acts of government officers and other individuals, to determine whether or not they are in consonance with the provisions of the Constitution, and to strike down such laws and acts if they are found to be unconstitutional.   Specifically, Chief Justice Marshall stated that: â€Å"†If an act of the legislature, repugnant to the constitution, is void, does it notwithstanding its invalidity, bind the courts, and oblige them to give it effect?†¦ It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is†¦If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each (5 U.S. 137, 178).   So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty† (5 U.S. 137, 179). Over the years, the doctrine of federal and state judicial review has been developed and enhanced, despite there being no express provision on its grant to the judicial branch of government under the constitution.   In interpreting the constitution, there are generally six forms of construction that are usually applied, i.e., historical, textual, structural, doctrinal, ethical, and prudential (Fallon, 1987). The historical construction centers on the original legislative intent behind the provision, while the textual interpretation involves the text itself, and the structural interpretation contrasts the text with the structure given in the constitution.   Ethical and prudential considerations generally involve a determination of whether or not it would be proper, ethical, or wise to make a ruling.   The doctrinal form of construction involves another doctrine, that of stare decisis. The complete Latin term is stare decisis et non quiete movere.   Literally translated, it means â€Å"stand by decisions and do not move that which is quiet.†Ã‚   The doctrine of stare decisis or of case precedents is one of the central tenets of a common law legal system.   Past precedent generally circumscribes the leeway by which a court can address a certain issue, because the rule is that once something has heretofore been judicially determined, then that is all there is to it.   â€Å"Stare decisis is usually the wise policy, because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right. . . . This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern, provided correction can be had by legislation.   But in cases involving the Federal Constitution, where correction through legislative action is practically impossible, this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions.   The Court bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning, recognizing that the process of trial and error so fruitful in the physical sciences, is appropriate also in the judicial function† (Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 1932). For some justices, the doctrine of stare decisis would be no doctrine at all, if overruling justices gave reasons that did not go beyond pointing out that the previous decision was wrong (Nelson, 2001).   This presents a huge burden on the exercise of judicial review, especially since cases hinging on the constitutionality of statutes are usually considered landmark cases and are the basis for applying the stare decisis doctrine. The main arguments against the doctrine of judicial review are against its validity, in that, as mentioned, it is not specifically vested as a power of the judiciary in the constitution, and that it goes against the doctrine of stare decisis.   The proponents of the validity of judicial review would rely on the broad definition of judicial power under the constitution, and the fact that it has been long recognized and accepted in other common law jurisdictions. If judicial review were considered an absolute power, it would definitely undermine the common law doctrine of stare decisis, because judges and justices would be given free reign to determine what the law is and apply their interpretations on a case to case basis whenever they saw fit.   However, to think that either judicial review or stare decisis are absolutes would be absurd, because no government power is absolute. Instead of focusing on an apparent conflict or adverse relationship between the two, it is submitted that despite the criticisms against judicial review, it is an inherent function of judicial power, and should be harmonized with the stare decisis doctrine.   One author proposes thus: â€Å"Even in cases of first impression, judges do not purport to have unconstrained discretion to enforce whatever rules they please.   Many of their arguments appeal instead to external sources of law, like statutes or established customs. These external sources of law will often be indeterminate and incomplete; they will leave considerable room for judicial discretion.   But unless they are wholly indeterminate, they will still tend to produce some degree of consistency in judicial decisions.   If †¦the primary purpose of stare decisis is to protect the rule of law by avoiding an endless series of changes in judicial decisions, we may be able to achieve this purpose without applying a general presumption against overruling past decisions. We may, in short, be able to refine the doctrine of stare decisis to take advantage of the consistency that would tend to exist even in its absence† (Nelson, 2001).   The doctrine of stare decisis is about stability, while judicial review is about fairness and justice.   Applying both and harmonizing their purposes would allow for flexibility and wisdom, especially in cases when past decisions are not on all fours with the facts of the case at hand. Reference List: Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393 (1932) (dissenting opinion by Justice Brandeis). Fallon. (1987). A Constructivist Coherence Theory of Constitutional Interpretation. 100 Harv. L. Rev. 1189. Marbury vs. Madison, 5 U.S. 147 (1803). Nelson, C. (2001). Stare Decisis an Marbury vs. Madison Marbury vs. Madison (5 U.S. 137, 1803) involved an application for a writ of mandamus against the then Secretary of State Madison, directing him to deliver to Marbury his commission as a Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia.   In determining whether or not mandamus would lie, the Supreme Court made a four part inquiry involving the following questions, to wit: 1) whether or not the applicant Madison has a right to the commission he demands; 2) in the affirmative, whether or not the laws of the United States afford him a remedy for its violation; 3) in the affirmative, whether or not mandamus is the proper remedy. The case is considered a landmark case, because it was the first time that the US Supreme Court, through then Chief Justice Marshall, enunciated the doctrine of judicial review, i.e., that the Supreme Court has the power to review federal or state legislation, or acts of government officers and other individuals, to determine whether or not they are in consonance with the provisions of the Constitution, and to strike down such laws and acts if they are found to be unconstitutional.   Specifically, Chief Justice Marshall stated that: â€Å"†If an act of the legislature, repugnant to the constitution, is void, does it notwithstanding its invalidity, bind the courts, and oblige them to give it effect?†¦ It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is†¦If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each (5 U.S. 137, 178).   So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty† (5 U.S. 137, 179). Over the years, the doctrine of federal and state judicial review has been developed and enhanced, despite there being no express provision on its grant to the judicial branch of government under the constitution.   In interpreting the constitution, there are generally six forms of construction that are usually applied, i.e., historical, textual, structural, doctrinal, ethical, and prudential (Fallon, 1987). The historical construction centers on the original legislative intent behind the provision, while the textual interpretation involves the text itself, and the structural interpretation contrasts the text with the structure given in the constitution.   Ethical and prudential considerations generally involve a determination of whether or not it would be proper, ethical, or wise to make a ruling.   The doctrinal form of construction involves another doctrine, that of stare decisis. The complete Latin term is stare decisis et non quiete movere.   Literally translated, it means â€Å"stand by decisions and do not move that which is quiet.†Ã‚   The doctrine of stare decisis or of case precedents is one of the central tenets of a common law legal system.   Past precedent generally circumscribes the leeway by which a court can address a certain issue, because the rule is that once something has heretofore been judicially determined, then that is all there is to it.   â€Å"Stare decisis is usually the wise policy, because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right. . . . This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern, provided correction can be had by legislation.   But in cases involving the Federal Constitution, where correction through legislative action is practically impossible, this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions.   The Court bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning, recognizing that the process of trial and error so fruitful in the physical sciences, is appropriate also in the judicial function† (Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 1932). For some justices, the doctrine of stare decisis would be no doctrine at all, if overruling justices gave reasons that did not go beyond pointing out that the previous decision was wrong (Nelson, 2001).   This presents a huge burden on the exercise of judicial review, especially since cases hinging on the constitutionality of statutes are usually considered landmark cases and are the basis for applying the stare decisis doctrine. The main arguments against the doctrine of judicial review are against its validity, in that, as mentioned, it is not specifically vested as a power of the judiciary in the constitution, and that it goes against the doctrine of stare decisis.   The proponents of the validity of judicial review would rely on the broad definition of judicial power under the constitution, and the fact that it has been long recognized and accepted in other common law jurisdictions. If judicial review were considered an absolute power, it would definitely undermine the common law doctrine of stare decisis, because judges and justices would be given free reign to determine what the law is and apply their interpretations on a case to case basis whenever they saw fit.   However, to think that either judicial review or stare decisis are absolutes would be absurd, because no government power is absolute. Instead of focusing on an apparent conflict or adverse relationship between the two, it is submitted that despite the criticisms against judicial review, it is an inherent function of judicial power, and should be harmonized with the stare decisis doctrine.   One author proposes thus: â€Å"Even in cases of first impression, judges do not purport to have unconstrained discretion to enforce whatever rules they please.   Many of their arguments appeal instead to external sources of law, like statutes or established customs. These external sources of law will often be indeterminate and incomplete; they will leave considerable room for judicial discretion.   But unless they are wholly indeterminate, they will still tend to produce some degree of consistency in judicial decisions.   If †¦the primary purpose of stare decisis is to protect the rule of law by avoiding an endless series of changes in judicial decisions, we may be able to achieve this purpose without applying a general presumption against overruling past decisions. We may, in short, be able to refine the doctrine of stare decisis to take advantage of the consistency that would tend to exist even in its absence† (Nelson, 2001).   The doctrine of stare decisis is about stability, while judicial review is about fairness and justice.   Applying both and harmonizing their purposes would allow for flexibility and wisdom, especially in cases when past decisions are not on all fours with the facts of the case at hand. Reference List: Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393 (1932) (dissenting opinion by Justice Brandeis). Fallon. (1987). A Constructivist Coherence Theory of Constitutional Interpretation. 100 Harv. L. Rev. 1189. Marbury vs. Madison, 5 U.S. 147 (1803). Nelson, C. (2001). Stare Decisis an

Accrual Method Essay Essay Example

Accrual Method Essay Essay Example Accrual Method Essay Essay Accrual Method Essay Essay The accrual method of accounting and the hard currency footing of accounting are different in the manner that they record minutess. With hard currency footing accounting. the bureau records money to its book once it is received or when it leaves their system. The accrual method. though. records a dealing when it happens. even if they do non have money for it yet. Accrual accounting is a more accurate portrayal of the non-profit-making organization’s fundss. If they supply a service they instantly record the cost of that service. This point of position is of import because it is more accurate than the hard currency footing signifier of accounting. which merely paperss income when hard currency comes into the organisation. The statement of hard currency flow is of cardinal importance to an organization’s fiscal direction. This statement gives the organisation a dislocation of every dealing that comes in or out. This is totaled up over a peculiar clip period. If there are any differences in the organisational minutess. the statement of hard currency flow makes this clear. The fiscal stableness of an organisation rests on what money they make or spend every twenty-four hours. The organisation might travel belly-up if they do non track how their money is spent. These accounting patterns offer solid certification of where money goes.

Queen Angelfish Facts

Queen Angelfish Facts The queen angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris) is one of the most striking fishes found in the western Atlantic coral reefs. Their large flat bodies are of a brilliant blue color with vivid yellow-accented scales and a bright yellow tail. They are often confused with blue angelfish (H. bermudensis), but the queens are distinguished by a navy blue patch located above the eyes at the center of the head, which is freckled with light blue spots and resembles a crown. Fast Facts: Queen Angelfish Scientific Name: Holacanthus ciliaris  Common Names: Queen Angelfish, Angelfish, Golden Angelfish, Queen Angel, Yellow AngelfishBasic Animal Group: FishSize: 12–17.8 inchesWeight: Up to 3.5 poundsLifespan: 15 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Western Atlantic ocean coral reefs, from Bermuda to central BrazilPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Least Concern Description The body of the queen angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris) is highly compressed and its head is blunt and rounded. It has one long dorsal fin along its top, dorsal and anal fins, and a range of between 9–15 spines and soft rays. Blue and queen angelfish look even more alike as juveniles, and the two species can and do interbreed. Researchers believe that the entire population in Bermuda may consist of hybrid blue and queen angels.   On average, queen angelfish grow to around 12 inches in length, but they can grow up to 17.8 inches and weigh up to 3.5 pounds. They have small mouths with slender brush-like teeth in a narrow band that can be protruded outward. Although they are primarily blue and yellow, different regional populations sometimes have different color variations, such as occasional gold coloration, and black and orange blotches. Queen angelfish are of the Perciformes order, the Pomacanthidae family, and the Holacanthus genus.   Colorful Queen Angelfish, Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands. Terry Moore / Stocktrek Images / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution A subtropical island species, queen angelfish are found in coral reefs on coasts or surrounding offshore islands. The queen is most abundant in the Caribbean Sea, but can be found in tropical western Atlantic waters ranging from Bermuda to Brazil and from Panama to the Windward Islands. It occurs at depths between 3.5–230 feet below the surface.   The fish do not migrate, but they are most active during the day and are most commonly found near the bottom of coral reef habitats, from the nearshore shallows down to the deepest part of the reef where limited light inhibits coral growth. They are predominantly marine but can adapt to different salinities as needed, which is why the species is often seen in marine aquariums.   Diet and Behavior Queen angelfish are omnivores, and although they prefer sponges, algae, and bryozoans, they also eat jellyfish, corals, plankton, and tunicates. Apart from the courtship period, they are generally observed moving in pairs or singly year-round: some research suggests they are pair-bonded and monogamous.   During the juvenile stage (when they are about 1/2 inch long), queen angelfish larvae set up cleaning stations, where larger fish approach and allow the much smaller angelfish larvae to clean them of ectoparasites. Hawksbill sea turtle swimming over coral reef with stove-pipe sponge and a Queen angelfish, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, Caribbean, Atlantic Ocean. Georgette Douwma / Photographers Choice / Getty Images Plus Reproduction and Offspring   During the winter courtship periods, queen angelfish are found in larger groups known as harems. These pre-spawning groups are typically made up of a ratio of one male to four females, and the males court the females. Males flaunt their pectoral fins and the females respond by swimming upward. The male uses his snout to make contact with her genital area, and then they touch bellies and swim upward together to a depth of about 60 feet, where the male releases sperm and the female releases eggs into the water column.   Females can produce anywhere from 25,000 to 75,000 transparent and buoyant eggs during one evening event; and as many as 10 million per spawning cycle. After spawning, there is no further parental involvement. The eggs are fertilized in the water column and then hatch out within 15–20 hours, as larvae lacking working eyes, fins or gut. The larvae live on yolk sacs for 48 hours, after which they have developed enough to begin feeding on plankton. They grow rapidly and after three to four weeks they reach about one-half inch long when they sink to the bottom and live in coral and finger sponge colonies. Juvenile Queen angelfish Holacanthus ciliaris in the Caribbean. Damocean / iStock / Getty Images Plus Conservation Status   Queen angelfish are classed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They are used as part of the commercial aquarium trade. They are not typically a food fish, in part because they are associated with the phenomenon of ciguatera poisoning which is caused by fish eating other toxic creatures and keeping a reservoir of toxins which may be passed on to human consumers.  Ã‚   Sources Feeley, M. W., O. J. Luiz jr, and N. Zurcher. Colour Morph of a Probable Queen Angelfish . Journal of Fish Biology 74.10 (2009): 2415–21. Holacanthus ciliaris from Dry Tortugas, FloridaPatton, Casey and Cathleen Bester. Queen Angelfish Holacanthus ciliaris. Discover Fishes, Florida Museum.  Pyle, R., R. Myers, L.A. Rocha, and M.T. Craig. Holacanthus ciliaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T165883A6156566, 2010.  Reis, Fernanda, et al. Diet of the Queen Angelfish Holacanthus Ciliaris (Pomacanthidae) in So Pedro E So Paulo Archipelago, Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93.2 (2013): 453-60. Shah, Saara. Holacanthus ciliaris (Queen Angelfish).  The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. University of the West Indies, 2015

Types of Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Types of Abortion - Research Paper Example Miscarriages happen when the person has some health issue or gets into a situation that may shock her body physically (Walter, 2011). There is also the type of abortion induced at will. This is the most common form with the term abortion. With these types of abortion, there are the safe ones carried out in medical institutions and there are the unsafe ones carried out that often bring in various complications and in the worst cases death. There are very many legal and ethical issues involved with the issue of abortion and it is important to review all of them to familiarize. Types and Issues in Abortion Many of the abortions over the years have been due to unwanted pregnancies. Many of the people that get pregnant unwillingly are overcome by guilt to a point where they cannot handle bearing a child. There is also the factor that they may not be old enough to handle the responsibility of having a child. This mostly happens in underage teenagers who do not observe ethics upheld by soci ety and engage in unprotected sex. However, for the abortions carried out clinically, various issues lead to their effectiveness (Stotland, 2010). One of the major reasons as to why a doctor may advice for the carrying out of an abortion is a condition at which the mother is at a risk of health if she continues bearing the fetus in the womb. As stated, there is also the spontaneous type of abortion. This is where the mother loses the pregnancy due to physical and health issues unwillingly. When the embryo bursts earlier than expected, a miscarriage may occur or a premature birth. It all depends with the health condition of the embryo around that time. When a miscarriage happens, it has many implications on the mother. This is because the mother had expected the child to be born in a healthy matter only to lose it (Stotland, 2008). One of the ways through which the mother may be affected by this form of abortion is emotionally. In this state, the mother may get stress because of over -thinking the issue and to an extended state may get depressed. This may also affect the mother physically. This is because the mother may suffer several wounds from the manner in which the blood from the miscarriage flowed from her body. These wound may be external which are easily treated. However, the situation may be as bad as to the injuries being internal and thus the patient may require surgery. One of the issues to observe when dealing with the issue of abortion is the safety observed when carrying out of the procedure. There is both the safe and unsafe ways of carrying out abortion. For the save ones, licensed practitioners carry out the procedure. However, for unsafe abortions, the process often tends to carried out by unskilled practitioners or even fraud doctors. Unsafe abortions cater for one of the highest number of deaths in women around the world. The World Health Organization has been a very effective ambassador for the end of ill-advised abortions all over the worl d (Potts, 2010). This is witnessed from the efforts that it has made in advertisements at hospitals and other social places that show the dangers of abortion. Developing countries are worst hit by the issue as research shows that 97% of the abortions happen in these countries. Different Sides on Abortion Abortion being one of the greatest and pressing issues in society has lead to a great number of debates unto whether or not it is necessary. The different sides of the matter are viewed from a social, legal and medical manner. The first groups of people are the people that lie on the acceptance side. These are the people that do not view abortion as a poor process. The number of people with this